卫生部


国家工作人员公费医疗预防实施办法

1952年8月30日，卫生部

第一条 本办法根据中央人民政府政务院《关于全国各级人民政府、党派、团体及所属事业单位的国家工作人员实行公费医疗预防的指示》制定之。
第二条 享受公费医疗预防待遇人员的范围如下：
（一）全国各级人民政府、党派、团体在编制的人员；
（二）全国各级文化、教育、卫生、经济建设事业单位工作人员；
（三）经中央人民政府政务院核定之各工作队人员；
（四）受长期抚恤的在乡革命残废军人和住荣军院、校的革命残废军人。
本条第（一）项所称在编制的人员，以1952年5月3日政务院政财字第五十三号《关于调整机构、紧缩编制的决定》所规定之员额为限；乡（村）一级工作人员的公费医疗预防须待县财政建立之后再行办理。
本条第（二）项所列人员，系指在国家预算内开支工资者而言，其不在国家预算内开支工资者，由其主管事业单位另行处理；其已享受劳动保险条例所规定之医疗预防待遇者，仍按该条例之规定处理。
本条第（一）（二）（三）各项人员包括调动或编余而尚未分配或尚待分配工作之人员。
第三条 各级人民政府（专署以下除外），均须组织公费医疗预防实施管理委员会，其任务如下：
（一）关于各该级享受公费医疗预防待遇人员数额、等级的核定；
（二）关于各该级公费医疗各项预算决算的提出和审查；
（三）督导各该级各项公费医疗预防费用的统筹统支和管理运用；
（四）督导、组织各该级公私医疗预防机构开展公费医疗预防工作；
（五）关于各该级医疗预防机构之扩充、设置计划之审议；
（六）其他有关各该级公费医疗实施各项原则之决定与问题的解决。
第四条 各级公费医疗预防实施管理委员会由各级人民政府卫生、人事、劳动、财政、教育、建筑等部门各指派负责人员一人组织之；以卫生部门的代表为主任委员，人事及财政部门的代表为副主任委员。
第五条 凡中央、大行政区①省（市、行署）所在地之城市目前应指定一个或一个以上之医院，专门负责公费医疗预防工作；并应设法组织疗养院收容恢复期的病人，以加速医院病床的周转。
注① 各大行政区已于1955年撤销。
上述城市的卫生行政机关均应设置公费医疗预防处（科），以统一管理全市享受公费医疗预防待遇人员的公费医疗预防事宜。
各机关原设之卫生所或卫生科，在公费医疗预防实施后，应逐渐减缩或撤销，撤销后，由各该地公费医疗预防处（科）另行设置保健员或保健医师，以指导机关人员保护健康，预防疾病。各机关原设卫生所（科）未撤销前，应由各该地公费医疗预防处（科）统一领导。
第六条 专署、县（旗、市）、区所在地（小城市或乡镇），目前除应先就原有县卫生院内增设病床外，并可与当地联合诊疗机构或私营医院、诊所协商合作，以解决当前公费医疗预防之需要。
第七条 无论大、中、小城市，对公费医疗预防事宜均采区域负责制。其具体组织工作由各地卫生行政机关负责办理。同一城市之公立医院均有协助完成公费医疗预防任务的责任；其医师，对公费医疗中之疑难重病，均有应邀会诊之义务。
第八条 各级人民政府应将公费医疗预防经费列入财政预算，由各该级卫生行政机关掌握使用（专区、县须经人民政府负责人批准支付，区由县人民政府统一掌握）。此项款项应专款专用，由各该级卫生行政机关掌握使用，不得平均分发。
凡中央各机关之直属单位设在地方者，其人员所需公费医疗预防的医药费由中央拨给地方卫生行政机关统筹统支。
第九条 各地卫生行政机关公费医疗预防处（科），对当地应享受公费医疗预防待遇之人员须发给公费诊疗证，俾得凭证至指定之医院或门诊部诊疗。
凡享受公费医疗预防待遇之人员，因公赴另一地区工作，得凭原发诊疗证及出差证明文件经当地主管公费医疗预防之机关介绍至指定的医院或门诊部诊疗，照章缴纳医药费用，凭所发单据向原地区主管公费医疗预防之机关报领。
第十条 各地卫生行政机关对公费医疗预防医药费应按下列比例分配：
（一）以百分之三十供门诊医药器材、健康检查之用；
（二）以百分之七十作住院医疗之医药器材及修理器材之用。
上项费用不包括机关环境卫生及防疫设备费在内。
第十一条 各地卫生行政机关对公费医疗预防费用收支情况，除按财政预算制度向财政部门报核外，并应呈报中央卫生部备查。
第十二条 凡不属本办法规定范围内之机关，在当地医疗机构力能胜任的条件之下，可于商得当地卫生行政机关同意后，交付一定的医药费用，由该主管机关按本办法之规定发给机关工作人员以医疗预防证，视同享受公费医疗预防待遇人员处理。
第十三条 本办法由中央人民政府卫生部制定经政务院批准后试行。


Remedies for non-performance：Perspectives from CISG, UNIDROIT Priniciples and PECL


INTRODUCTION


The growth of international trade makes some kind of unification necessary. Increased trade overseas has drawn attention to the problems that are caused by the different ways in which countries have chosen to regulate international sales. And the legal community has tried to facilitate overseas trade through efforts to harmonize national laws by legislative or non-legislative means.
Against such a background, the analysis in this contribution is focused on the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and PECL -- three of the most important international instruments for the regulation of international commercial transactions which combine elements from both civil law and common law systems. In so doing, this contribution provides a comparative analysis of these instruments. It is merely thought that comparison is, probably, one of the most efficient ways to underline some of the unique features inherent in some legal regimes and to develop solutions to existing theoretical problems. However, as most of the authors dealing with the vast domain of this area would have done, the author in this contribution has never meant to make an exhaustive examination of international commercial law, bearing in mind that the ability of a single contribution to deal with its many issues is limited. The approach offered here is to review some of the key issues frequently befell in international trade, based on those generally accepted principles or elaborate rules as evidenced by international restatements or conventions and usages and practices or so-called lex mercatoria that is widely known to and regularly observed in international commercial transactions.
Particularly, it is said that no aspect of a system of contract law is more revealing of its underlying assumptions than is the law that prescribes the relief available for non-performance (breach). Issues relating to the remedial provisions are difficult and central substantive issues, which will no doubt be the focus of a large part of the discussion and deliberation surrounding application of commercial law on both a domestic and an international level. Therefore, the study in this contribution focuses, in light of traditional and modern theories, on the remedial scheme established under each of the three bodies of rules, namely Part III (partial) of the CISG, Chapter 7 of the UNIDROIT Principles and Chapters 8 and 9 of the PECL. In practical terms, these sectors are the substantive heart of the particular instruments. It is where the corresponding solutions to a large proportion of real world disputes in commercial transactions are to be found.
The comparative analysis contained speculates on the potential similarities and differences of these sectors, intending to enunciate rules which are common in international commercial law and at the same time to select the solutions which seem best adapted to the special requirements of international trade. One should note, however, that to the extent this contribution doesn’t give absolute priority to any one of the three instruments, whenever it is necessary to choose between conflicting rules and sometime then to derive a number of general principles which apply to all of the rules, what’s decisive to the criterion used is not just which rule is mandatory or adopted by the majority of jurisdictions, but rather which of the rules under consideration have the most persuasive value and/or appear to be particularly well suited for international commercial transactions.

Summary of Contents

PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
Chapter 2 Remedies Available upon Non-performance

PART II PRESERVING PERFORMANCE
Chapter 3 Specific Performance
Chapter 4 Nachfrist for Late Performance
Chapter 5 Cure by Non-performing Party
Chapter 6 Price Reduction for Non-conformity

PART III TERMINATION
Chapter 7 Right to Termination
Chapter 8 Fundamental Non-performance
Chapter 9 Anticipatory Non-performance
Chapter 10 Termination of Breached Installment or Part
Chapter 11 Declaration of Termination
Chapter 12 Effects of Termination

PART IV DAMAGES
Chapter 13 General Measure of Damages
Chapter 14 Limits to Claims for Damages
Chapter 15 Damages upon Termination
Chapter 16 Agreed Payment for Non-performance
Chapter 17 Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees
Chapter 18 Payment of Interest

PART V EXCUSES
Chapter 19 Change of Circumstances
Chapter 20 Force Majeure
Chapter 21 Hardship
Chapter 22 Force Majeure & Hardship Clauses

Table of Contents


PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration